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Even certain places in Maharashtra where HF crossbred predominant, we can see good milch animals with average milk production 8-12 liters and as high as 55 liters per day
(Nasik Maharashtra). But, these things are happening in isolated places and needs to be replicated all over the country to raise our per capita milk production to an international average and economic viable dairy farming model which provide opportunity for employment 9.8 million directly and 8.6 indirectly but could got to more than 25 million to 30 million family directly to become prosperous rural resource India.
Management plays very important role in achieving high reproductive efficiency i.e. fertility in dairy animals mainly cattle and buffaloes. This demands individual attention to each cow /buffalo at the time of breeding and parturition. This has a great economic impact on farming. It has been now successfully demonstrated by providing door -to-door breeding service using "certified quality semen" to the centers and number of breedable (1000-15000) population every year with an average conception rate of 55-60% in the field conditions at family level program in States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, now part of U.P., Rajasthan and A. P. In this more than 50% of the beneficiaries belongs to weaker sections of the society. On an average, the crossbred cows come into milk production at the age of 28-32 months and yield about 2100-2700 liters per lactation. With three crossbred cows, even a small farmer can easily come out of poverty by generating cash of net income Rs. 3000-6000 per cow with 4-5 years of work at the doorstep of the farmers - depending on the "management level". Our 30 years of experience and finally the micro-management of - Genetic germplasm, semen,
A. I. Efficiency, Nutrition feeding, infectious disease monitoring for reproductive health and efficiency with finally hormones intervention means - ovary and uterus status will ensure total fertility. Livestock production and productivity have to be enhanced.
Milk output is highest in contribution more than rice, wheat and sugarcane in Agriculture sector to ensure the status and to grow further. It is important to look food safety and a quality demand by people at large. Thus farm owners having economic viability of diary means quality semen, embryo input and bull mother farms under WTO regimes.
WTO-SPS agreement regime demands global strategies to be adapted by India. Thus, clean semen production and use in the field for fertility programme and achieving conception rate to 50-60% as per the ISO/GMP/GLP regulations could be feasible provided understood in right perspective for economic sustainability and food safety chain where animal origin play a vital role. It's a wake-up call for scientists, veterinarians and field workers as well.
This needs attentions to bull mother farms status, its hygienic standards, management of housing, water, fodder, cleaning procedures, drainage etc. Veterinarian's care, health monitoring, documentation and auditing have to be ensured for the quality status of the semen collection of straw batches under process, freezing, storage in LN2 and transportation to field, recommended procedure must be standardized as per the international norms to maintain global status i.e. WTO/OIE/FAO/GMP/ISO.
Bulls maintained at frozen semen bank should be free from pathogen and infections e.g. E. coli, Salmonella, Tuberculosis, Johnes, Brucellosis, BVD, Trichomoniasis, Campylobacter, Leptospirosis, Listeriosis, IBR & IPV. The bulls should be examined regularly for this disease status twice a year is must for the ISO or once in three months under global scenario. Genital diseases should be in regular check for the bulls under semen collection for the on going breeding programme. The bulls should be immediately called if found positive for either of diseases under routine check. Diagnostic microbiology lab should be part of frozen semen bank to ensure certification of disease free status. FAO / OIE prescribed testing protocol needs immediate attention and follow-up to maintain the semen quality up to our needs -in the field for national and international trade3 and delivery protocol under SOPs.
Microscopic examination for protozoa biological tests. Microbial culture and animal tests will certainly be helpful in detection for protozoan parasitic, fungal etc and for viral ELISA, SNT, virus isolation in cell culture and PCR etc will be of great help at this with data for standard protocol for each bull collection and processing as batch documentation for release to the field for artificial insemination programme as routine. General cleanliness, humidity, water in pens to be always regarded as status standards being attained. It has been very well established that any infectious diseases reduce the sperm production and cause increased abnormality in spermatozoa, mainly quality standard. Immediate attention should be given to the bulls suffering from systematic disease.
Most important is to ensure the free virus semen collection and freezing. The buffers, equipments and lab under should be free of virus presence. Since virus survives up to many years in frozen semen stored in LN2. Thus giving an opportunity for virus to multiply in the host or when artificial insemination is performed when we are creating a disease in the population otherwise free mainly uterus which is most crucial organ and inner environment for fertility programme in order to get higher conception rate in time to come.
Therefore, international standards have been established (Ref OIE International Animal health Code 2002) for sterilization of equipment, use of aprons and towels, preparation of diluents, buffers, filling and sealing machine, sterilization of straws finally maintaining lab GMP standards P3 status as per the resource
ISI norms 1000 bacteria non pathogen permissible per ml of quality under process hence 85-87% could be possible including E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, streptococci, fungus etc but mainly virus will be free while operation. Therefore, quality begins from the bull mother farms, maintenance of hygienic standards of feed, fodder, manpower, managing the farm laboratory, GLP, GMP as per ISO/OIE/FAO regularly measures of WTO for the trade, OIE-International Animal Health Code -2000.
Infectious disease of reproductive bacterial and viral is many (OIE list A & B) but venereal transmission to be prevented e.g. Brucella and IBR. The FMD and other viral agents appear in semen during the incubation period before clinical manifestations. Although many infectious diseases play a role in reproductive health maintenance, only certain diseases like
Brucellosis and IBR etc are identified as the major causes of reproductive failure in India.
Brucellosis although it's bacterial infection, there is no effective antibiotics by which we can able to control this disease. It also needs effective control measures to stop spreading the disease. An effective C-19 calf-hood vaccine is available in the country and needs effective implementation. All female calves needs to be vaccinated around 6-8 months of age so that infection can be controlled. No male calves should be vaccinated. The disease situation has to be monitored regularly with reliable diagnostic tools.
Infectious Bovine Rhinotrachetis (IBR) being a viral disease caused by Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) needs preventive action. All over the India, the disease is much prevalent recorded more than 38% of reproductive health problems are due to IBR. Continuous monitoring of the disease to be made mandatory. Also required to do preventive mass vaccination with safe, indigenously available vaccines. Presently available diagnostic tests based on antibody monitoring needs to be supplemented with antigen detection tests and capabilities in the respect needs to upgraded. Since BHV-1 causes latency in the infected animal and the seropositive animals are the potential virus shedders, one need to tackle the situation to built immune belt. So that vaccinated animals excrete less or no virus with minimized clinical signs will help the livestock owner to lessen their losses. At present, inactivated IBR vaccine (Ibrivax) is available in the country for preventive mass vaccination. The vaccine is developed indigenously from an India strain of BHV-1 and is widely studied on India bovine population. Even both seropositive and seronegative female animals can be vaccinated with Ibrivax. All the breeding bulls should be monitored for virus excretion in their semen before using for either natural service or AI. Each ejaculation needs to be evaluated for the absence of BHV before allowing for AI program.
Conclusion
OIE, International Animal health code aims at ensuring the sanitary safety of international trade in animals and animal products through the detailed identification of health quarantines, required for trading so as to avoid the transfer of disease agents that are pathogenic for animals or humans.
Certified input like semen and embryo should be governed under legislation with standard protocols, SOPs, GLP, GMP standards. To monitor infectious disease mainly genital transmissible Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, IBR needs serious attention. Brucella having public health hazards under food safety chain including babies and pregnant women totally depending for protein source on milk is even then important to ensure the quality. Breeding success totally depends on genetic potential, germplasm management of data recording, open nucleus system of bull selection. Diseases like IBR and Brucella to be viewed seriously for a possible National Control Programme for the economic productivity and food safety, Veterinarians and peoples safety finally enhanced fertility and employment opportunity for millions in villages of India as self gainful livelihood and well being and prosperity in rural India. |
